The effect of prenatal substance exposure on intellectual and learning development
Information • Guidance • Support • Stories
Prenatal substance exposure can affect how a child’s brain processes information, pays attention, and solves problems.
Common learning differences
Prenatal substance exposure can influence how the brain learns, organizes information, and pays attention. Some children may learn new skills more slowly or need information repeated in smaller, more manageable steps. Others may have challenges with memory, organization, or staying focused, skills often called “executive functions.” This doesn’t mean a child can’t succeed – it simply means they may learn differently.
Common learning differences include:
Difficulty staying focused or shifting between tasks
Memory challenges (especially short-term or working memory)
Slower processing speed
Trouble planning, organizing, or following multi-step directions
Strengths in hands-on, visual, or experiential learning
These learning differences do not mean a child cannot thrive academically. With the right strategies—visual supports, hands-on learning, structured routines, and patient guidance—children often show remarkable strengths, creativity, and resilience. Early evaluation and supportive services (such as speech, occupational therapy, or special education) can make a meaningful difference.
What helps:
These learning differences do not mean a child cannot thrive academically. With the right strategies – visual supports, hands-on learning, structured routines, and patient guidance – children often show remarkable strengths, creativity, and resilience. Early evaluation and supportive services (such as speech, occupational therapy, or special education) can make a meaningful difference.
What helps:
Breaking tasks into smaller steps
Using visuals (pictures, schedules, timers)
Repetition and practice in calm environments
Hands-on learning and real-world examples
Celebrating progress, not perfection
Early intervention, speech therapy, occupational therapy, or school-based supports can be incredibly helpful.
For foster and adoptive parents, understanding that learning differences began before your child came into your care is important. With your advocacy and support, many children show tremendous growth and resilience.